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Table of Contents
Title Page
Abstract
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Rationale
1.1 Study objectives
1.2 Project overview
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Background
2.1 Floc formation mechanisms
2.1.1 Aggregation/disaggregation mechanisms
2.1.2 Attraction/repulsion
2.2 Flocs in fluvial systems
Case Study: Weldwood Pulp Mill on the Athabasca River
Case Study: Laboratory analysis of Northwood Pulp Mill effluent as a flocculant
2.3 Effluent and flocculation
2.4 Particle size measurement techniques
2.4.1 Camera methods
2.4.2 Settling chambers
2.4.3 Micropore filter
2.4.4 Laser diffraction/backscatter
2.5 Summary
Chapter 3: Suspended fine sediment morphology under the influence of pulp mill effluent
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Baseline data
3.2 Sample site locations
3.2.1 Position relative to diffuser
3.2.2 Site characteristics
3.3 In situ measurements
3.3.1 Velocity profile
3.3.2 Temperature/Conductivity
3.3.3 Bacteria culture
3.4 Water samples
3.4.1 Sampling technique
3.4.2 Sample filtering and processing
3.4.2.1 Glass fibre (GF) filter: suspended sediment quantification
3.4.2.2 (BIO) filter: absolute particle size distribution
3.4.2.3 Micropore filter: effective particle size distribution
3.4.2.3.1 BioQuant particle analysis
3.4.2.3.2 Fractal analysis
3.5 Results
3.5.1 Variability of test conditions
3.5.1.1 River discharge
3.5.1.2 Effluent discharge
3.5.1.3 Total suspended sediments (TSS)
3.5.1.4 Organic : inorganic ratio in suspended sediments
3.5.1.5 Temperature
3.5.2 Effluent characterization
3.5.2.1 Conductivity
3.5.2.2 Bacterial concentrations
3.5.3 Variation in sediment characteristics over time
3.5.3.1 Absolute particle size distribution (APSD)
3.5.3.2 Effective particle size distribution (EPSD)
3.5.4 Variation in EPSD among sites
3.5.4.1 Sample differences - Komogorov-Smirnov Z
3.5.4.2 Site differences: bootstrapping
3.5.4.3 Fractal analysis
3.5.4.4 Resolution effect
3.6 Discussion
3.6.1 Effluent plume influence
3.6.1.1 Conductivity and temperature
3.6.1.2 Bacterial concentration
3.6.1.3 Total suspended sediment concentration
3.6.2 Variation of APSD with environmental conditions
3.6.2.1 Source slope
3.6.2.2 Modal particle size
3.6.3 Variation of ESPD with environmental conditions
3.6.4 Variation of ESPD among sites
Chapter 4: Fine sediment settling and storage under the influence of pulp mill effluent
4.0 Methodology
4.1 Sample site locations
4.1.1 Position relative to diffuser
4.1.2 Site characteristics
4.2 Trap design
4.2.1 Infiltration bags
4.2.1.1 Laboratory procedure - Infiltration bags
4.2.2 Sealable tubes
4.2.2.1 Laboratory procedure - sealable tubes
4.2.2.1.1 Organic analysis
4.2.2.1.2 Inorganic grain size analysis
4.2.2.1.3 Settling rate analysis
4.3 Results
4.3.1 Variability of test conditions
4.3.1.1 River discharge
4.3.1.2 Effluent discharge
4.3.2 Effluent characterization
4.3.2.1 Conductivity
4.3.2.2 Bacterial concentrations
4.3.3 Trapped sediment
4.3.3.1 Quantity
4.3.3.2 Breakdown by size class
4.3.3.3 Absolute particle size distribution
4.3.3.4 Organic matter content
4.3.3.5 Settling velocity and density
4.4 Discussion
4.4.1 Effluent plume influence
4.4.1.1 Conductivity and temperature
4.4.1.2 Bacterial concentration
4.4.2 Trap effectiveness
4.4.3 Particle quantity and coarse sizing
4.4.4 Sediment characteristics
4.4.4.1 APSD
4.4.4.2 Organic matter content
4.4.4.3 Settling rate and density
Chapter 5: Conclusions
Recommendations for further work
References
Appendix A - Analysis of Northwood effluent
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